Text Citations
For most works, appropriate credit takes the form of an author-date citation (p. 255). In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry (p. 261).
One author: In an in-text citation, provide the surname(s) of the author(s) or the name(s) of the group author(s) (p. 262). Ex: (Taylor, 2004)
No author: For works with an unknown author, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation (p. 264) Ex: (“Quest for Redemption,” 2007)
Multiple authors:
2 authors: List both authors when you cite the work (p. 265). Ex: (Wagner & Clarke, 1999)
3 to or more authors: Include the name of only the first author plus 'et al.' in every citation, including the first citation (p. 265). Ex: (Kern et al., 2003)
As an alternative to parenthetical citations, you can cite the source in your narrative, which allows you to incorporate the authors more closely into your discussion:
Ex: Taylor (1999) had a new theory that is important because it . . .
Ex. The reason that Wagner & Clark introduced their research in 1999 was that . . .
References
APA requires that the reference list be on a new page after the text, double-spaced and that entries have a hanging indent (p. 303).
eBook (p. 320):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI or URL
Ex:
Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decisions. Henry Holt and Co. http://bit.ly/2G0BpbI
Web page (p. 350):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Site Name. https://xxxxxx
Ex:
Avramova, N. (2019). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html
Journal article with a DOI (p. 316):
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. https://doi.org/xxxx
Ex:
McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review, 126(1),1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
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Text Citations
References are cited in text with an author-date citation system, while each item referenced in text must appear in the reference list (174).
One author: You are required to include the authors’ last names and year of publication, and encouraged to provide a page number where the information that is cited may be found. Ex: (Taylor & Green, 2004, p. 56)
No author: Abbreviate title. Ex: (“Quest for Redemption,” 2007)
Multiple authors:
2 authors: List both authors when you cite the work (175). Ex: (Wagner & Clarke, 1999)
3 to 5 authors: List all authors the first time you cite the work (175). Ex: (Kern, Cornwell, Jones, Berry, & Howard, 2003) In subsequent citations, list the first author followed by et al. Ex: (Kern et al., 2003)
6 or more authors: List the first author followed by et al. each time you cite the work (175). Ex: (Williams et al., 2007)
References
APA requires that the reference list be double-spaced and that entries have a hanging indent (180).
Book (202):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Ex:
Berk, R. (1981). Water shortage: Lessons in conservation from the great California drought, 1976-1977. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.
Web page (205):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Retrieved from URL
Ex:
California Department of Fish and Game (2017). Coho Salmon. Retrieved from https://www.wildlife .ca.gov/Conservation/Fishes/Coho-Salmon
Journal article from an online database with DOI (198):
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number(Issue number), Page numbers. doi:
Ex:
Hladik, M. L., Domaglski, J. L., & Kuivila, K. M. (2009). Concentrations and loads of suspended sediment-associated pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California and tributaries during storm events. Science of the Total Environment, 408(2),356-364. doi:/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.040
Numbers
The general rule on the use of numbers is to use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words to express numbers below 10 (111).
Use numbers expressed in numerals when (111-112):
Use numbers expressed in words when (112):
Combine numerals and words to express numbers when (112-113):
When conveying back-to-back modifiers. Ex: ten 7-point scales
When readability may suffer, spell out both numbers. Ex: first two items
Ordinal numbers (113):
Treat ordinal numbers as you would cardinal numbers (113). Ex: the fourth graders; four grades
Commas in numbers (114):
Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more (114).
Exception: page numbers page 1029
Plurals in numbers (114):
To form the plurals of numbers, add s or es along, without an apostrophe (114).
Ex: 10s and 20s; fours and sixes
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by Citation help using Credo Information Literacy Core!
If you need any assistance please text, chat, call, or visit us in-person or visit our Credo Information Literacy Core guide.
Location: Library 222, 2nd Floor
Phone: (209) 667-3642
Email: writingcenter@csustan.edu
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by 